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Battle of Cambrai (1917)
The Battle of Cambrai (designated ''Battle of Cambrai, 1917'' by the Battlefield Nomenclature Committee; also sometimes referred to as the ''First Battle of Cambrai'') was a British offensive and German counter-offensive battle in the First World War. Cambrai, in the ''Nord département'' (''Nord-Pas-de-Calais''), was a key supply point for the German ''Siegfried Stellung'' (part of the Hindenburg Line) and capture of the town and the nearby Bourlon Ridge would threaten the rear of the German line to the north. Major General Hugh Tudor, Commander Royal Artillery (CRA) of the 9th (Scottish) Division, suggested trying out new artillery-infantry techniques on his sector of the front. During preparations, J. F. C. Fuller, a staff officer with the Tank Corps, was in the process of looking for a place to use tanks as raiding parties. General Julian Byng, commander of the British Third Army, decided to incorporate them into the attack.
The battle is sometimes described as the first use of large numbers of tanks in combat, or even as the first use of tanks at all. Although it was the first successful combined arms operation on a large scale, the first use of tanks occurred in September 1916 at the Battle of Flers–Courcelette and the French and British armies had deployed tanks in large numbers earlier in 1917, although to considerably less effect.〔Harold A. Littledale. With the Tanks. The Atlantic Monthly. December 1918〕
Despite British success on the first day, mechanical unreliability, German artillery and infantry defences exposed the frailties of the Mark IV tank. On the second day, only about half of the original number of tanks were available. Subsequent British progress was limited. In the History of the Great War the British Official History (W. Miles, 1948) and modern scholars do not place exclusive credit for the first day on tanks but discuss the concurrent evolution of artillery, infantry and tank methods. Numerous developments since 1915 matured at Cambrai, such as predicted artillery fire, sound ranging, infantry infiltration tactics, infantry-tank coordination and close air support. The techniques of industrial warfare continued to develop and played a vital part during the Hundred Days Offensive in 1918, along with replacement of the Mark IV tank with improved types. The early, rapid reinforcement and defence of Bourlon Ridge by the Germans, as well as the subsequent counter-attack were also notable achievements, which gave hope that an offensive strategy could end the war before American mobilisation became overwhelming.
==Prelude==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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